This paper examines the 30-year history of in vitro fertilization (IVF) in Korea in terms of the role and social responsibility of experts. International comparison studies on IVF have consistently ranked South Korea as one of the countries with highest average number of embryo transferred. The continuous rise of IVF treatments in South Korea has increased the multiple births in the country almost twice over the last 20 years. However, multiple births can be risky to the health of newborn babies. In general, countries, which have established national registries and conducted follow-up surveys on the children conceived via IVF treatments, show substantial decreases in the number of embryos transferred. In South Korea’s case, there are no accurate records or follow-up surveys on babies born via IVF. Though there are clearly many reasons why this situation exists, this study approaches the subject rather from the standpoint of the role and social responsibility of experts. In countries where expert organizations were actively involved in establishing governance for IVF, it was possible to prevent increases in multiple pregnancies and lower the health risk of newborns. This strongly shows that the proper control of these technologies is possible when expert organizations take full responsibility and make active and dedicated efforts to institutionalize the outcomes of their work.